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• 1、 填空题

  A) constantly I) proprely B) credible J) records C)essential D)exploring E) gather F) load G) miserable O) watching H)pressure K) removed L) stacks M) suspicion N) tracked Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section A Directions：In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Trust is fundamental to life.If you can't trust anything,life becomes intolerable. You can't have relationships without trust, let alone good ones. In the workplace, too, trust is _ ___ _. An organization without trust will be full of fear and ____. If you work for a boss who doesn't trust their employees to do things right,you’ll have a ___ time.They'll be checking up on you all the time,correcting”mistakes”and ___ reminding you to do this or that. Colleagues who don't trust one another will need to spend more time ___ their backs than doing any useful work. Organizations are always trying to cut costs. Think of all the additional tasks caused by lack of trust. Audit（审计）departments only exist because of it. Companies keep large volumes of ___ because they don’t trust their suppliers, their contractors or their customers. Probably more than half of all administrative work is only there because of an ever-existing sense that “you can’t trust anyone these days.” If even a small part of such valueless work could be______, the savings would run into millions of dollars. All this is extra work we ___ onto ourselves because we don't trust people—the checking, following through,doing things ourselves because we don't believe others will do them ___ —or at all. If we took all that away, how much extra time would we suddenly find in our life? How much of our work______ would disappear?
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• 2、 填空题

  Section B Directions：In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by making the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2. The Place Where the Poor Once Thrived A)This is the land of opportunity. If that weren’t already implied by the landscape—rolling green hills,u2029palm trees,sun-kissed flowers—then it’s evident in the many stories of people who grew up poor in these sleepy neighborhoods and rose to enormous success. People like Tri Tran,who fled Vietnam on a boat in 1986,showed up in San Jose with nothing,made it to MIT,and then founded the food-delivery start-up Munchery, which is valued at $ 300 million. B)Indeed, data suggests that this is one of the best places to grow up poor in America. A child born in the early 1980s into a low-income family in San Jose had a 12.9 percent chance of becoming a high earner as an adult,according to a landmark study released in 2014 by the economist Raj Chetty and his colleagues from Harvard and Berkeley. That number—12.9 percent—may not seem remarkable, but it was：Kids in San Jose whose families fell in the bottom quintile（五分位数）of income nationally had the best shot in the country at reaching the top quintile. C)By contrast, just 4.4 percent of poor kids in Charlotte moved up to the top; in Detroit the figure wasu20295.5 percent.San Jose had social mobility comparable to Denmark’s and Canada's and higher than other progressive cities such as Boston and Minneapolis. D)The reasons kids in San Jose performed so well might seem obvious. Some of the world’s most innovative companies are located here, providing opportunities such as the one seized by a 12-year-old Mountain View resident named Steve Jobs when he called William Hewlett to ask for spare parts and subsequently received a summer job. This is a city of immigrants—38 percent of the city's population today is foreign-born—and immigrants and their children have historically experienced significant upward mobility in America. The city has long had a large foreign-born population (26.5 percent in 1990), leading to broader diversity,,which,the Harvard and Berkeley economists say,is a good predictor of mobility. E)Indeed,the streets of San Jose seem,in some ways,to embody the best of America. It's possible to drive in a matter of minutes from sleek（光亮的）office towers near the airport where people pitch ideas to investors,to single-family homes with orange trees in their yards,or to a Vietnamese mall. The libraries here offer programs in 17 languages,and there are areas filled with small businesses owned by Vietnamese immigrants,Mexican immigrants,Korean immigrants,and Filipino immigrants, to name a few. F)But researchers aren’t sure exactly why poor kids in San Jose did so well. The city has a low prevalenceu2029of children growing up in single-parent families,and a low level of concentrated poverty, both factors that usually mean a city allows for good intergenerational mobility. But San Jose also performs poorly on some of the measures correlated with good mobility.It is one of the most unequal places out of the 741 that the researchers measured，and it has high degrees of racial and economic segregation（隔离）. Its schools underperform based on how much money there is in the area,said Ben Scuderi,a predoctoral fellow at the Equality of Opportunity Project at Harvard,which uses big data to study how to improve economic opportunities for low-income children. “There’s a lot going on here which we don't totally understand,” he said. “ It’s interesting, because it kind of defies our expectations.” G)The Chetty data shows that neighborhoods and places mattered for children born in the San Jose areau2029of the 1980s.Whether the city still allows for upward mobility of poor kids today, though, is up for debate. Some of the indicators such as income inequality,measured by the Equality of Opportunity Project for the year 2000, have only worsened in the past 16 years. H)Some San Jose residents say that as inequality has grown in recent years,upward mobility has become much more difficult to achieve. As Silicon Valley has become home to more successful companies, the flood of people to the area has caused housing prices to skyrocket.By most measures,San Jose is no longer a place where low-income,or even middle-income families,can afford to live.Rents in San Jose grew 42,6 percent between 2006 and 2014,which was the largest increase in the country during that time period. The city has a growing homelessness problem,which it tried.to address by shutting down “The Jungle,” one of the largest homeless encampments（临时住地）in the nation, in 2014. Inequality is extreme. The Human Development Index—a measure of life expectancy,education and per capita（人均的）income—gives East San Jose a score of 4.85 out of 10，while nearby Cupertino, where Apple’s headquarters sits, receives a 9.26. San Jose used to have a happy mix of factors—cheap housing,closeness to a rapidly developing industry,tightly-knit immigrant communities—that together opened up the possibility of prosperity for even its poorest residents. But in recent years,housing prices have skyrocketed, the region's rich and poor have segregated,and middle-class jobs have disappeared. Given this, the future for the region's poor doesn't look nearly as bright as it once did. I)Leaders in San Jose are determined to make sure that the city regains its status as a place where even poor kids can access the resources to succeed. With Silicon Valley in its backyard, it certainly has the chance to do so. “ I think there is a broad consciousness in the Valley that we can do better than to leave thousands of our neighbors behind through a period of extraordinary success,” San Jose Mayor Sam Liccardo said. J) But in today’s America—a land of rising inequality，increasing segregation，and stagnating（不增长的）middle-class wages—can the San Jose region really once again become a place of opportunity? K)The idea that those at the bottom can rise to the top is central to America's ideas about itself. That such mobility has become more difficult in San Jose raises questions about the endurance of that foundational belief. After all, if the one-time land of opportunity can't be fixed,what does that say for the rest of America? ___According to some people living in San Jose,it has become much harder for the poor to get ahead due to the increased inequality. ___In American history,immigrants used to have a good chance to move upward in society. ___If the problems of San Jose can’t be solved, one of America’s fundamental beliefs about itself can be shaken. ___San Jose was among the best cities in America for poor kids to move up the social ladder. ___Whether poor kids in San Jose today still have the chance to move upward is questionable. ___San Jose’s officials are resolved to give poor kids access to the resources necessary for success in life. ___San Jose appears to manifest some of the best features of America. ___As far as social mobility is concerned,San Jose beat many other progressive cities in America. ___Due to some changes like increases in housing prices in San Jose, the prospects for its poor people have dimmed. ___Researchers do not have a clear idea why poor children in San Jose achieved such great success several decades ago.
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• 3、 问答题

  Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write on the topic Changes in he Way of Education.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

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• 4、 问答题

  Part IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2. 生活在中国不同地区的人们饮食多种多样。北方人主要吃面食，南方人大多吃来饭。在沿海地区，海鲜和淡水水产品在人们饮食中占有相当大的比例，而在其他地区人们的饮食中，肉类和奶制品更为常见。四川、湖南等省份的居民普遍爱吃辛辣食物，而江苏和浙江人更喜欢甜食。然而，因为烹任方式各异，同类食物的味道可能会有所不同。

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• 5、 复合题

  Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B,C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.

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• 6、 复合题

  Section C Directions: There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage. Three children in every classroom have a diagnosable mental health condition. Half of these are behavioural disorders,while one third are emotional disorders such as stress,anxiety and depression, which often become outwardly apparent through self-harm. There was an astonishing 52 per cent jump in hospital admissions for children and young people who had harmed themselves between 2009 and 2015. Schools and teachers have consistently reported the scale of the problem since 2009.Last year, over half of teachers reported that more of their pupils experience mental health problems than in the past. But teachers also consistently report how ill-equipped they feel to meet pupils’ mental health needs,and often cite a lack of training，expertise and support from the National Health Service（英国国家医疗服务体系）. Part of the reason for the increased pressure on.schools is that there are now fewer ‘early intervention （干预）’and low-level mental health services based in the community. Cuts to local authority budgets since 2010 have resulted in a significant decline of these services, despite strong evidence of their effectiveness in preventing crises further down the line. The only way to break the pressures on both mental health services and schools is to reinvest in early intervention services inside schools. There are strong arguments for why schools are best placed to provide mental health services. Schools see young people more than any other service,which gives them a unique ability to get to hard-to-reach children and young people and build meaningful relationships with them over time. Recent studies have shown that children and young people largely prefer to see a counsellor in school rather than in an.outside environment. Young people have reported that for low-level conditions such as stress and anxiety,a clinical setting can sometimes be daunting（令人却步的）. There are already examples of innovative schools which combine mental health and wellbeing provision with a strong academic curriculum. This will,though,require a huge cultural shift. Politicians, policymakers,commissioners and school leaders must be brave enough to make the leap towards reimagining schools as providers of health as well as education services.

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• 7、 复合题

  Passage Two Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage. Picture this: You’re at a movie theater food stand loading up on snacks. You have a choice of a small, medium or large soda. The small is $3.50 and the large is $5.50. It’s a tough decision: The small size may not last you through the whole movie,but $5.50 for some sugary drink seems ridiculous. But there’s a third option,a medium soda for $5.25. Medium may be the perfect amount of soda for you, but the large is only a quarter more.If you’re like most people, you end up buying the large(and taking a bathroom break midshow). If you’re wondering who would buy the medium soda, the answer is almost.no one.In fact, there’s a good chance the marketing department purposely priced the medium soda as a decoy（诱饵），making you more likely to buy the large soda rather than the small. I have written about this peculiarity in human nature before with my friend Dan Ariely, who studied this phenomenon extensively after noticing pricing for subscriptions（订阅）to The Economist. The digital subscription was $59, the print subscription was $125, and the print plus digital subscription was also $125. No one in their right mind would buy the print subscription when you could get digital as well for the same price,so why was it even an option? Ariely ran an experiment and found that when only the two"real"choices were offered,more people chose the less-expensive digital subscription. But the addition of the bad option made people much more likely to choose the more expensive print plus digital option. Brain scientists call this effect “asymmetric dominance” and it means that people gravitate toward the choice nearest a clearly inferior option. Marketing professors call it the decoy effect,which is certainly easier to remember. Lucky for consumers,almost no one in the business community understands it. The decoy effect works because of the way our brains.assign value when making choices. Value is almost never absolute; rather,we decide an object's value relative to our other choices. If more options are introduced, the value equation changes.

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• 8、 填空题

  A) choose I) pattern B) constant J)plural C) disappointing K) repeatedly D) distinguish L) rewarded E) exhausting F) experienced G) negative O) undertaken H) outcome M) separately N) simply Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section A Directions：In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. When my son completes a task, I can’t help but praise him. It’s only natural to give praise where praise is due, right? But is there such a thing as too much praise? According to psychologist Katherine Phillip, children don’t benefit from ___ praise as much as we’d like to think. “Parents often praise, believing they are building their child’s self-confidence. However, over-praising can have a ___ effect,” says Phillip. “When we use the same praise ___ , it may become empty and no longer valued by the child. It can also become an expectation that anything they do must be ___ with praise. This may lead to the child avoiding taking risks due to fear of ___ their parents.” Does this mean we should do away with all the praise?Phillip says no.“The key to healthy praise is to focus on the process rather than the ___ . It is the recognition of a child’s attempt, or the process in which they achieved something, that is essential,”she says. “Parents should encourage their child to take the risks needed to learn and grow.” So how do we break the ___ of praise we’re all so accustomed to? Phillip says it’s important to ___ between “person praise” and “process praise”. “Person praise is ___ saying how great someone is. Its a form of personal approval. Process praise is acknowledgement of the efforts the person has just ___ . Children who receive person praise are more likely to feel shame after losing,” says Phillip.
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• 9、 填空题

  Section B Directions：In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by making the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2. Poverty Is a Story About Us, Not Them A) Too often still, we think we know what poverty looks like. It’s the way we’ve been taught, the images we’ve been force-fed for decades. The chronically homeless. The undocumented immigrant. The urban poor, usually personified as a woman of color, the“ welfare queen” politicians still too often reference. B)But as income inequality rises to record levels in the United States, even in the midst of a record economic expansion, those familiar images are outdated,hurtful, and counterproductive to focusing attention on solutions and building ladders of opportunity. C) Today’s faces of income inequality and lack of opportunity look like all of us. Its Anna Landre, a disabled Georgetown University student fighting to keep health benefits that allow her the freedom to live her life.It’s Tiffanie Standard, a counselor for young women of color in Philadelphia who want to be tech entrepreneurs—but who must work multiple jobs to stay afloat. It’s Ken Outlaw, a welder in rural North Carolina whose dream of going back to school at a local community college was dashed by Hurricane Florence—just one of the extreme weather events that have tipped the balance for struggling Americans across the nation. D) If these are the central characters of our story about poverty, what layers of perceptions, myths,and realities must we unearth to find meaningful solutions and support? In pursuit of revealing this complicated reality, Mothering Justice, led by women of color, went last year to the state capital in Lansing, Michigan, to lobby on issues that affect working mothers.One of the Mothering Justice organizers went to the office of a state representative to talk about the lack of affordable childcare—the vestiges(痕迹) of a system that expected mothers to stay home with their children while their husbands worked. A legislative staffer dismissed the activists concerns, telling her“my husband took care of that—l stayed home.” E) That comment, says Mothering Justice director Danielle Atkinson,“was meant to shame” and relied on the familiar notion that a woman of color concerned about income inequality and programs that promote mobility must by definition be a single mom, probably with multiple kids. In this case,the Mothering Justice activist happened to be married. And in most cases in the America of 2019, the images that come to mind when we hear the words poverty or income inequality fail miserably in reflecting a complicated reality: poverty touches virtually all of us. The face of income inequality, for all but a very few of us, is the one we each see in the mirror. F) How many of us are poor in the U.S.? It depends on who you ask. According to the Census Bureau, 38 million people in the U.S. are living below the official poverty thresholds. Taking into account economic need beyond that absolute measure,the Institute for Policy Studies found that140 million people are poor or low-income. That’s almost half the U.S. population. G) Whatever the measure,within that massive group, poverty is extremely diverse. We know that some people are more affected than others, like children, the elderly, people with disabilities, and people of color. H) But the fact that 4 in 10 Americans cant come up with $ 400 in an emergency is a commonly cited statistic for good reason: economic instability stretches across race, gender,and geography. It even reaches into the middle classes, as real wages have stagnated (不增长)for all but the very wealthy and temporary spells of financial instability are not uncommon. I) Negative images remain of who is living in poverty as well as what is needed to move out of it. The big American myth is that you can pull yourself up by your own efforts and change a bad situation into a good one.The reality is that finding opportunity without help from families, friends, schools, and community is virtually impossible. And the playing field is nothing close to level. J) The FrameWorks Institute, a research group that focuses on public framing of issues, has studied what sustains stereotypes and narratives of poverty in the United Kingdom.“People view economic success and wellbeing in life as a product of choice,willpower and drive,”says Nat Kendall-Taylor, CEO of FrameWorks. “When we see people who are struggling,” he says, those assumptions “lead us to the perception that people in poverty are lazy, they don’t care, and they haven’t made the right decisions.” K) Does this sound familiar?Similar ideas surround poverty in the U.S. And these assumptions give a false picture of reality. “When people enter into that pattfern of thinking,”says Kendall-Taylor, “it’s cognitively comfortable to make sense of issues of poverty in that way. It creates a kind of cognitive blindness—all of the factors external to a person’s drive and choices that they’ve made become invisible and fade from view.” L) Those extemal factors include the difficulties accompanying low-wage work or structural discrimination based on race,gender, or ability.Assumptions get worse when people who are poor use government benefits to help them survive. There is a great tension between “the poor” and those who are receiving what has become a dirty word: “welfare.” M) According to the General Social Survey,71 percent of respondents believe the country is spending too little on “assistance to the poor”.On the other hand, 22 percent think we are spending too little on “welfare” : 37 percent believe we are spending too much. N)“Poverty has been interchangeable with people of color—specifically black women and black mothers,”says Atkinson of Mothering Justice. It’s true that black mothers are more affected by poverty than many other groups, yet they are disproportionately the face of poverty.For example, Americans routinely overestimate the share of black recipients of public assistance programs. O) In reality, most people will experience some form of financial hardship at some point in their lives. Indeed, people tend to dip in and out of poverty, perhaps due to unexpected obstacles like losing a job, or when hours of a low-wage job fluctuate. P) Something each of us can do is to treat each other with the dignity and sympathy that is deserved and to understand deeply that the issue of poverty touches all of us. ___One legislative staffer assumed that a woman of color who advocated affordable childcare must be a single mother. ___People from different races, genders and regions all suffer from a lack of financial security. ___According to a survey, while the majority believe too little assistance is given to the poor, more than a third believe too much is spent on welfare., ___A research group has found that Americans who are struggling are thought to be lazy and to have made the wrong decisions. ___Under the old system in America, a mother was supposed to stay home and take care of her children. ___ It was found that nearly 50% of Americans are poor or receive low pay. ___Americans usually overestimate the number of blacks receiving welfare benefits. ___ It is impossible for Americans to lift themselves out of poverty entirely on their own. ___Nowadays, it seems none of us can get away from income inequality. ___Assumptions about poor people become even more negative when they live on welfare.
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• 10、 问答题

  Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part , you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the topic Changes in the way of Transportation. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

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