填空题
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
How Much Protein Do You Really Need?
A) The marketing is enticing: Get stronger muscles and healthier bodies with minimal effort by adding protein powder to your morning shake or juice drink. Or grab a protein bar at lunch or for a quick snack. Today, you can find protein supplements everywhere-online, at the pharmacy grocery store, or health food store. They come in powders, pills, and bars. With more than $12 billion in sales this year, the industry is booming and, according to the market research company, Grand View Research, is on track to sell billions more by 2025. But do we really need all this supplemental protein? It depends. There are pros, cons and some ho-hums to consider.
B) For starters, protein is critical for every cell in our body. It helps build nails, hair, bones, and muscles. It can also help you feel fuller longer than eating foods without protein. And, unlike nutrients that are found only in a few foods, protein is pretty much ubiquitous. “The typical American diet is a lot higher in protein than a lot of us think,” says registered dietitian Angela Pipitone with Johns Hopkins McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine. She says it's in foods many of us expect, such as beef, chicken, and other types of meat and dairy. But it's also in foods that may not come immediately to mind like vegetables, fruit, beans and grains.
C) The U.S. government’s recommended daily allowance (RD
A) for the average adult is 50 to 60 grams of protein a day. This may sound like a lot, but Pipitone says: “We get bits of protein here and there and that really adds up throughout the day.” Take, for example, breakfast. If you ate two eggs topped with a little bit of cheese and an orange on the side, you already have 22 grams of protein. Each egg gives you 7 grams; the cheese gives you around 6 grams and the orange - about 2 grams. Add a lunch of chicken, rice, and broccoli, and you are already over the recommended 50 grams. “You can get enough protein and meet the RDA before you even get to dinner,” says Pipitone.
D) So if it’s so easy to get your protein in food, why add more in the form of powders, snack bars or a boost at your local juice bar? No need to, says Pipitone because, in fact, most of us already get enough protein in our diet. “Whole foods are always the best option rather than adding supplements,” she says, noting the FDA does not regulate supplements as stringently as foods or drugs, so there could be less protein, more sugar, and some additives you wouldn’t expect, such as caffeine and even steroids.
E) If you are considering a supplement, read the list of ingredients, she says although this is not always foolproof. “I’ve seen very expensive protein supplements that claim to be high quality but they might not really be beneficial for the average healthy adult,” she says. “It could just be a waste of money.”
F) But there are certain situations that do warrant extra protein. “Anytime you’re in an anabolic state or building muscle,” Pipitone says, such as if you’re an extreme endurance athlete, training for a marathon, or you’re a body builder. If you’re moderately exercising for 150 minutes a week, as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends, or less than that, you’re probably not an extreme athlete. Extreme athletes expend lots of energy breaking down and repairing and building muscles. Protein can give them the edge they need to speed along that process.
G) Vegans can benefit from protein supplements since they do not eat animal-based protein sources like meat, dairy, or eggs. And, for someone always on-the-go who may not have time for a meal, a protein snack bar can be a good option for occasional meal replacement. Also, individuals recovering from surgery or an injury can also benefit from extra protein. So, too, can older people. At around age 60, “muscles really start to break down,” says Kathryn Starr, an aging researcher at Duke University School of Medicine, “and because of that, in addition to the fact that as we get older our body's ability to break down protein is reduced, the protein needs of an older adult actually increases.”
H) In fact, along with her colleague Connie Bales, Starr recently conducted a small study that found that adding extra protein foods to the diet of obese older individuals who were trying to lose weight strengthened their muscles. Participants in the study were separated into two groups—one group was asked to eat 30 grams of protein per meal in the form of whole foods. That meant they were eating 90 grams of protein a day. The other group—the control group—was put on a typical low-calorie diet with about 50 to 60 grams of protein a day.
I) After six months, researchers found the high protein group had significantly improved their muscle function —almost twice as much as the control group. “They were able to walk faster, had improved balance, and were also able to get up out of a chair faster than the control group,” Starr says. All 67 participants were over 60 years of age, and both groups lost about the same amount of weight. Starr is now looking into whether high-protein diets also improve the quality of the muscle itself in seniors. She's using CT scans to measure muscle size and fat, and comparing seniors on a high-protein diet to those on regular diets. She says her findings should be available in a couple of months.
J) In the meantime, 70-year-old Corliss Keith, who was in the high protein group in Starr’s latest study, says she feels a big difference. “I feel excellent,” she says, “I feel like I have a different body, I have more energy, I'm stronger.” She says she is able to take Zumba exercise classes three times a week, work out on the treadmill and take long, brisk walks. Keith also lost more than 15 pounds. “I'm a fashionable person, so now I'm back in my three-inch heels,” she says.
K) As people age, researcher Starr says muscle strength is key to helping them stay strong and continue living on their own in their own home. “I feel very much alive now,” says Keith, “I feel like I could stay by myself until I'm 100.”
L) But can people overdo protein? Pipitone says you do have to be careful. Too much protein can cause nausea, cramps, headaches, fatigue, and bloating. Dehydration is also a risk when you eat too much protein. Pipitone says if you increase protein, you also have to increase your fluid intake. “I always tell people to make sure they're drinking enough fluids,” which for the average person is 60 to 70 ounces a day, which translates into eight 8-ounce glasses of water or liquid per day.
M) There have been some indications that extra protein makes the kidneys work harder which could be problematic for individuals with a history of kidney disease and for them, the supplements may increase the risk of kidney stones, she says.
N) Bottom Line: if you think you need more protein in your diet, consider these questions: Are you are an extreme athlete; are you recovering from injury or surgery; or are you are 60 years or older? If so, adding high protein foods like eggs and meat products to your diet can be beneficial. And, if you're not sure, it is always a good idea to check with your primary care provide.
It is quite easy for one to take in the recommended amount of protein.
Pipitone claims that healthy adults need not spend money on protein supplements.
The protein supplement business is found to be thriving.
Protein can speed the repairing of damaged muscles.
Protein supplements may overburden some internal organ, thus leading to its malfunctioning.
Older adults need to take in more protein to keep their muscles strong.
Protein is found in more foods than people might realize.
Additional protein was found to help strengthen the muscles of overweight seniors seeking weight loss.
Pipitone believes that whole foods provide the best source of protein.
People are advised to drink more liquid when they take in more protein.
(空中请填写大写)
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
How Much Protein Do You Really Need?
A) The marketing is enticing: Get stronger muscles and healthier bodies with minimal effort by adding protein powder to your morning shake or juice drink. Or grab a protein bar at lunch or for a quick snack. Today, you can find protein supplements everywhere-online, at the pharmacy grocery store, or health food store. They come in powders, pills, and bars. With more than $12 billion in sales this year, the industry is booming and, according to the market research company, Grand View Research, is on track to sell billions more by 2025. But do we really need all this supplemental protein? It depends. There are pros, cons and some ho-hums to consider.
B) For starters, protein is critical for every cell in our body. It helps build nails, hair, bones, and muscles. It can also help you feel fuller longer than eating foods without protein. And, unlike nutrients that are found only in a few foods, protein is pretty much ubiquitous. “The typical American diet is a lot higher in protein than a lot of us think,” says registered dietitian Angela Pipitone with Johns Hopkins McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine. She says it's in foods many of us expect, such as beef, chicken, and other types of meat and dairy. But it's also in foods that may not come immediately to mind like vegetables, fruit, beans and grains.
C) The U.S. government’s recommended daily allowance (RD
A) for the average adult is 50 to 60 grams of protein a day. This may sound like a lot, but Pipitone says: “We get bits of protein here and there and that really adds up throughout the day.” Take, for example, breakfast. If you ate two eggs topped with a little bit of cheese and an orange on the side, you already have 22 grams of protein. Each egg gives you 7 grams; the cheese gives you around 6 grams and the orange - about 2 grams. Add a lunch of chicken, rice, and broccoli, and you are already over the recommended 50 grams. “You can get enough protein and meet the RDA before you even get to dinner,” says Pipitone.
D) So if it’s so easy to get your protein in food, why add more in the form of powders, snack bars or a boost at your local juice bar? No need to, says Pipitone because, in fact, most of us already get enough protein in our diet. “Whole foods are always the best option rather than adding supplements,” she says, noting the FDA does not regulate supplements as stringently as foods or drugs, so there could be less protein, more sugar, and some additives you wouldn’t expect, such as caffeine and even steroids.
E) If you are considering a supplement, read the list of ingredients, she says although this is not always foolproof. “I’ve seen very expensive protein supplements that claim to be high quality but they might not really be beneficial for the average healthy adult,” she says. “It could just be a waste of money.”
F) But there are certain situations that do warrant extra protein. “Anytime you’re in an anabolic state or building muscle,” Pipitone says, such as if you’re an extreme endurance athlete, training for a marathon, or you’re a body builder. If you’re moderately exercising for 150 minutes a week, as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends, or less than that, you’re probably not an extreme athlete. Extreme athletes expend lots of energy breaking down and repairing and building muscles. Protein can give them the edge they need to speed along that process.
G) Vegans can benefit from protein supplements since they do not eat animal-based protein sources like meat, dairy, or eggs. And, for someone always on-the-go who may not have time for a meal, a protein snack bar can be a good option for occasional meal replacement. Also, individuals recovering from surgery or an injury can also benefit from extra protein. So, too, can older people. At around age 60, “muscles really start to break down,” says Kathryn Starr, an aging researcher at Duke University School of Medicine, “and because of that, in addition to the fact that as we get older our body's ability to break down protein is reduced, the protein needs of an older adult actually increases.”
H) In fact, along with her colleague Connie Bales, Starr recently conducted a small study that found that adding extra protein foods to the diet of obese older individuals who were trying to lose weight strengthened their muscles. Participants in the study were separated into two groups—one group was asked to eat 30 grams of protein per meal in the form of whole foods. That meant they were eating 90 grams of protein a day. The other group—the control group—was put on a typical low-calorie diet with about 50 to 60 grams of protein a day.
I) After six months, researchers found the high protein group had significantly improved their muscle function —almost twice as much as the control group. “They were able to walk faster, had improved balance, and were also able to get up out of a chair faster than the control group,” Starr says. All 67 participants were over 60 years of age, and both groups lost about the same amount of weight. Starr is now looking into whether high-protein diets also improve the quality of the muscle itself in seniors. She's using CT scans to measure muscle size and fat, and comparing seniors on a high-protein diet to those on regular diets. She says her findings should be available in a couple of months.
J) In the meantime, 70-year-old Corliss Keith, who was in the high protein group in Starr’s latest study, says she feels a big difference. “I feel excellent,” she says, “I feel like I have a different body, I have more energy, I'm stronger.” She says she is able to take Zumba exercise classes three times a week, work out on the treadmill and take long, brisk walks. Keith also lost more than 15 pounds. “I'm a fashionable person, so now I'm back in my three-inch heels,” she says.
K) As people age, researcher Starr says muscle strength is key to helping them stay strong and continue living on their own in their own home. “I feel very much alive now,” says Keith, “I feel like I could stay by myself until I'm 100.”
L) But can people overdo protein? Pipitone says you do have to be careful. Too much protein can cause nausea, cramps, headaches, fatigue, and bloating. Dehydration is also a risk when you eat too much protein. Pipitone says if you increase protein, you also have to increase your fluid intake. “I always tell people to make sure they're drinking enough fluids,” which for the average person is 60 to 70 ounces a day, which translates into eight 8-ounce glasses of water or liquid per day.
M) There have been some indications that extra protein makes the kidneys work harder which could be problematic for individuals with a history of kidney disease and for them, the supplements may increase the risk of kidney stones, she says.
N) Bottom Line: if you think you need more protein in your diet, consider these questions: Are you are an extreme athlete; are you recovering from injury or surgery; or are you are 60 years or older? If so, adding high protein foods like eggs and meat products to your diet can be beneficial. And, if you're not sure, it is always a good idea to check with your primary care provide.
It is quite easy for one to take in the recommended amount of protein.
Pipitone claims that healthy adults need not spend money on protein supplements.
The protein supplement business is found to be thriving.
Protein can speed the repairing of damaged muscles.
Protein supplements may overburden some internal organ, thus leading to its malfunctioning.
Older adults need to take in more protein to keep their muscles strong.
Protein is found in more foods than people might realize.
Additional protein was found to help strengthen the muscles of overweight seniors seeking weight loss.
Pipitone believes that whole foods provide the best source of protein.
People are advised to drink more liquid when they take in more protein.
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Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions:xa0In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item onxa0Answer Sheet 2xa0with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions26to35 are based on the following passage.
A) adverse
B) championed
D) contrary
E) contribute
F) intimate
G) lumped
H) magnified
I) minimum
J) radiating C clinical
K) ration
L) shooting
M) subscribe
N) systematic
O) weighing
Pasta is no longer off the menu, after a new review of studies suggested that the carbohydrate can form part of a healthy diet, and even help people lose weight. For years, nutritionists have recommended that pasta be kept to a , to cut calories, prevent fat build-up and stop blood sugar _up. The low-carbohydrate food movement gave birth to such diets as the Atkins, Paleo and Keto, which advised swapping foods like bread, pasta and potatoes for vegetables, fish and meat. More recently the trend of swapping spaghetti for vegetables has been by clean-eating experts. But now a review and analysis of 30studies by Canadian researchers found that not only does pasta not cause weight gain, but three meals a week can help people drop more than half a kilogram over four months. The reviewers found that pasta had been unfairly demonized (妖魔化) because it had been in with other, more fat-promoting carbohydrates. “The study found that pasta didn’t to weight gain or increase in body fat,” said lead author Dr John Sievenpiper. “In the evidence, we can now say with some confidence that pasta does not have an _effect on body weigh outcomes when it is consumed as part of a healthy dietary pattern.” In fact, analysis actually showed a small weigh loss. So to concerns, perhaps pasta can be part of a healthy diet Those involved in the trials on average ate 3.3 servings of pasta a week instead of other carbohydrates, one serving equaling around half a cup. They lost around half a kilogram over an average follow-up of 12 weeks.
(空中请填写大写)
Section A
Directions:xa0In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item onxa0Answer Sheet 2xa0with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions26to35 are based on the following passage.
A) adverse
B) championed
D) contrary
E) contribute
F) intimate
G) lumped
H) magnified
I) minimum
J) radiating C clinical
K) ration
L) shooting
M) subscribe
N) systematic
O) weighing
Pasta is no longer off the menu, after a new review of studies suggested that the carbohydrate can form part of a healthy diet, and even help people lose weight. For years, nutritionists have recommended that pasta be kept to a , to cut calories, prevent fat build-up and stop blood sugar _up. The low-carbohydrate food movement gave birth to such diets as the Atkins, Paleo and Keto, which advised swapping foods like bread, pasta and potatoes for vegetables, fish and meat. More recently the trend of swapping spaghetti for vegetables has been by clean-eating experts. But now a review and analysis of 30studies by Canadian researchers found that not only does pasta not cause weight gain, but three meals a week can help people drop more than half a kilogram over four months. The reviewers found that pasta had been unfairly demonized (妖魔化) because it had been in with other, more fat-promoting carbohydrates. “The study found that pasta didn’t to weight gain or increase in body fat,” said lead author Dr John Sievenpiper. “In the evidence, we can now say with some confidence that pasta does not have an _effect on body weigh outcomes when it is consumed as part of a healthy dietary pattern.” In fact, analysis actually showed a small weigh loss. So to concerns, perhaps pasta can be part of a healthy diet Those involved in the trials on average ate 3.3 servings of pasta a week instead of other carbohydrates, one serving equaling around half a cup. They lost around half a kilogram over an average follow-up of 12 weeks.
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Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
The idea of taxing things that are bad for society has a powerful allure. It offers the possibility of a double benefit— harmful activities, while also providing the government with revenue. Take sin taxes. Taxes on alcohol make it more expensive to get drunk, which reduces excessive drinking and driving. At the same time, they provide state and local governments with billions of dollars of revenue. Tobacco taxes, which generate more than twice as much, have proven in the decline of smoking, which has saved millions of lives. Taxes can also be an important tool for environmental protection, and many economists say taxing carbon would be the best way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Economic theory says that unlike income or sales taxes, carbon taxes can actually increase economic efficiency; because companies that __ _ carbon dioxide into the sky don’t pay the costs of the climate change they cause, carbon taxes would restore the proper to the market. In reality, carbon taxes alone won’t be enough to halt global warming, but they would be a useful part of any climate plan. What’s more, the revenue from this tax, which would be hundreds of billions of dollars per year, could be handed out to citizens as a or used to fund green infrastructure projects. Similarly, a wealth tax has been put forward as a way to reduce inequality while raising revenue. The revenue from this tax, which some experts will be over $4 trillion per decade, would be designated for housing, child care, health care and other government benefits. If you believe, as many do, that wealth inequality is bad, then these taxes improve society while also government coffers (金库).
A) discouraging
B) dividend
C) emotional
D) fragments
E) impaired
F) imprisoned
G) incentives
H) inherently
I) initially
J) instrumental
K) merging
L) predict
M) probably
N) pump
O) swelling
(空中请填写大写)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
The idea of taxing things that are bad for society has a powerful allure. It offers the possibility of a double benefit— harmful activities, while also providing the government with revenue. Take sin taxes. Taxes on alcohol make it more expensive to get drunk, which reduces excessive drinking and driving. At the same time, they provide state and local governments with billions of dollars of revenue. Tobacco taxes, which generate more than twice as much, have proven in the decline of smoking, which has saved millions of lives. Taxes can also be an important tool for environmental protection, and many economists say taxing carbon would be the best way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Economic theory says that unlike income or sales taxes, carbon taxes can actually increase economic efficiency; because companies that __ _ carbon dioxide into the sky don’t pay the costs of the climate change they cause, carbon taxes would restore the proper to the market. In reality, carbon taxes alone won’t be enough to halt global warming, but they would be a useful part of any climate plan. What’s more, the revenue from this tax, which would be hundreds of billions of dollars per year, could be handed out to citizens as a or used to fund green infrastructure projects. Similarly, a wealth tax has been put forward as a way to reduce inequality while raising revenue. The revenue from this tax, which some experts will be over $4 trillion per decade, would be designated for housing, child care, health care and other government benefits. If you believe, as many do, that wealth inequality is bad, then these taxes improve society while also government coffers (金库).
A) discouraging
B) dividend
C) emotional
D) fragments
E) impaired
F) imprisoned
G) incentives
H) inherently
I) initially
J) instrumental
K) merging
L) predict
M) probably
N) pump
O) swelling
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