填空题
Section B Directions：In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by making the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Doctor’s Orders: Let Children Just Play
A) Imagine a drug that could enhance a child’s creativity and critical thinking. Imagine that this drug were simple to make, safe to take, and could be had for free. The nation’s leading pediatricians（儿科医生）say this miracle compound exists. In a new clinical report, they are urging doctors to prescribe it liberally to the children in their care.
B) “This may seem old-fashioned, but there are skills to be learned when kids aren’t told what to do,” said Dr. Michael Yogman, a Harvard Medical School pediatrician who led the drafting of the call to arms. Whether it’s rough physical play, outdoor play or social or pretend play, kids derive important lessons from the chance to make things up as they go, he said.
C) The advice, issued Monday by the American Academy of Pediatrics, may come as a shock to some parents. After spending years fretting（烦恼）over which toys to buy, which apps to download and which skill-building programs to send their kids to after school, letting them simply play—or better yet, playing with them—could seem like a step backward. The pediatricians insist that it’s not. The academy’s guidance does not include specific recommendations for the dosing of play. Instead, it asks doctors to advise parents before their babies turn two that play is essential to healthy development.
D) “Play is not silly behavior,” the academy’s report declares. It fosters children’s creativity, cooperation and problem-solving skills—all of which are critical for a 21st-century workforce. When parents engage in play with their children, it builds a wall against the harmful effects of all kinds of stress, including poverty, the academy says. In the pediatricians’ view, essentially every life skill that’s valued in adults can be built up with play. “Collaboration, negotiation, decision-making, creativity, leadership, and increased physical activity are just some of the skills and benefits children gain through play,” they wrote. The pediatricians’ appeal comes as kids are being squeezed by increasing academic demands at school and the constant invasion of digital media.
E) The trends have been a long time coming. Between 1981 and 1997, detailed time-use studies showed that the time children spent at play declined by 25 percent. Since the adoption of sweeping education reforms in 2001, public schools have steadily increased the amount of time devoted to preparing for standardized tests. The focus on academic “skills and drills” has cut deeply into recess（课间休息）and other time for free play.
F) By 2009, a study of Los Angeles kindergarten classrooms found that five-year-olds were so burdened with academic requirements that they were down to an average of just 19 minutes per day of “choice time,” when they were permitted to play freely with blocks, toys or other children. One in four Los Angeles teachers reported there was no time at all for “free play.” Increased academic pressures have left 30 percent of U.S. kindergarten classes without any recess. Such findings prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics to issue a policy statement in 2013 on the “crucial role of recess in school.”
G) Pediatricians aren’t the only ones who have noticed. In a report titled “Crisis in the Kindergarten,” a group of educators, health professionals and child advocates called the loss of play in early childhood “a tragedy, both for the children themselves and for our nation and world.” Kids in play-based kindergartens “end up equally good or better at reading and other intellectual skills, and they are more likely to become well-adjusted healthy people,” the Alliance for Childhood said in 2009. Indeed, new research demonstrates why playing with blocks might have been time better spent, Yogman said. The trial assessed the effectiveness of an early mathematics intervention（干预）aimed at preschoolers. The results showed almost no gains in math achievement.
H) Another playtime thief: the growing proportion of kids’ time spent in front of screens and digital devices, even among preschoolers. Last year, Common Sense Media reported that children up through age eight spent an average of two hours and 19 minutes in front of screens each day, including an average of 42 minutes a day for those under two. This increase of digital use comes with rising risks of obesity, sleep deprivation and cognitive（认知的）, language and social-emotional delays, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned in 2016.
I) “I respect that parents have busy lives and it’s easy to hand a child an iPhone,” Yogman said. “But there’s a cost to that. For young children, it’s much too passive. And kids really learn better when they’re actively engaged and have to really discover things.”
J) The decline of play is a special hazard for the roughly 1 in 5 children in the United States who live in poverty. These 14 million children most urgently need to develop the resilience（韧劲）that is cultivated with play. Instead, Yogman said, they are disproportionately affected by some of the trends that are making play scarce: academic pressures at schools that need to improve test scores, outside play areas that are limited or unsafe, and parents who lack the time or energy to share in playtime.
K)Yogman also worries about the pressures that squeeze playtime for more affluent kids. “The notion that as parents we need to schedule every minute of their time is not doing them a great service,” he said. Even well-meaning parents may be “robbing them of the opportunity to have that joy of discovery and curiosity—the opportunity to find things out on their own.”
L)Play may not be a hard sell to kids. But UCLA pediatrician Carlos Lerner acknowledged that the pediatricians’ new prescription may meet with skepticism（怀疑） from parents, who are anxious for advice on how to give their kids a leg up in the world. They should welcome the simplicity of the message, Lerner said. “It’s liberating to be able to offer them this advice: that you spending time with your child and letting him play is one of the most valuable things you can do,” he said. “It doesn’t have to involve spending a lot of money or time, or joining a parenting group. It’s something we can offer that’s achievable. They just don’t recognize it right now as particularly valuable.”
Increased use of digital devices steals away children’s playtime.
Since the beginning of this century, an increasing amount of time has been shifted in public schools from recess to academic activities.
It has been acknowledged that while kids may welcome pediatrician’s recommendation, their parents may doubt its feasibility.
According to some professionals, deprivation of young children’s playtime will do harm not only to children themselves but to the country and the world.
By playing with children, parents can prevent them from being harmed by stress.
Playing with digital device discourages kids from active discovery, according to pediatrician Dr. Michael Yogman.
The suggestion of letting children simply play may sound like going backwards to parents who want to help build their children’s skills.
Dr. Michael Yogman believes the idea that parents should carefully schedule children’s time may not be helpful to their growth.
One quarter of teachers in an American city said that children in kindergartens had no time for playing freely.
According to a pediatrician, no matter what kind of play children engage in, they are learning how to create things.
(空中请填写大写)
Doctor’s Orders: Let Children Just Play
A) Imagine a drug that could enhance a child’s creativity and critical thinking. Imagine that this drug were simple to make, safe to take, and could be had for free. The nation’s leading pediatricians（儿科医生）say this miracle compound exists. In a new clinical report, they are urging doctors to prescribe it liberally to the children in their care.
B) “This may seem old-fashioned, but there are skills to be learned when kids aren’t told what to do,” said Dr. Michael Yogman, a Harvard Medical School pediatrician who led the drafting of the call to arms. Whether it’s rough physical play, outdoor play or social or pretend play, kids derive important lessons from the chance to make things up as they go, he said.
C) The advice, issued Monday by the American Academy of Pediatrics, may come as a shock to some parents. After spending years fretting（烦恼）over which toys to buy, which apps to download and which skill-building programs to send their kids to after school, letting them simply play—or better yet, playing with them—could seem like a step backward. The pediatricians insist that it’s not. The academy’s guidance does not include specific recommendations for the dosing of play. Instead, it asks doctors to advise parents before their babies turn two that play is essential to healthy development.
D) “Play is not silly behavior,” the academy’s report declares. It fosters children’s creativity, cooperation and problem-solving skills—all of which are critical for a 21st-century workforce. When parents engage in play with their children, it builds a wall against the harmful effects of all kinds of stress, including poverty, the academy says. In the pediatricians’ view, essentially every life skill that’s valued in adults can be built up with play. “Collaboration, negotiation, decision-making, creativity, leadership, and increased physical activity are just some of the skills and benefits children gain through play,” they wrote. The pediatricians’ appeal comes as kids are being squeezed by increasing academic demands at school and the constant invasion of digital media.
E) The trends have been a long time coming. Between 1981 and 1997, detailed time-use studies showed that the time children spent at play declined by 25 percent. Since the adoption of sweeping education reforms in 2001, public schools have steadily increased the amount of time devoted to preparing for standardized tests. The focus on academic “skills and drills” has cut deeply into recess（课间休息）and other time for free play.
F) By 2009, a study of Los Angeles kindergarten classrooms found that five-year-olds were so burdened with academic requirements that they were down to an average of just 19 minutes per day of “choice time,” when they were permitted to play freely with blocks, toys or other children. One in four Los Angeles teachers reported there was no time at all for “free play.” Increased academic pressures have left 30 percent of U.S. kindergarten classes without any recess. Such findings prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics to issue a policy statement in 2013 on the “crucial role of recess in school.”
G) Pediatricians aren’t the only ones who have noticed. In a report titled “Crisis in the Kindergarten,” a group of educators, health professionals and child advocates called the loss of play in early childhood “a tragedy, both for the children themselves and for our nation and world.” Kids in play-based kindergartens “end up equally good or better at reading and other intellectual skills, and they are more likely to become well-adjusted healthy people,” the Alliance for Childhood said in 2009. Indeed, new research demonstrates why playing with blocks might have been time better spent, Yogman said. The trial assessed the effectiveness of an early mathematics intervention（干预）aimed at preschoolers. The results showed almost no gains in math achievement.
H) Another playtime thief: the growing proportion of kids’ time spent in front of screens and digital devices, even among preschoolers. Last year, Common Sense Media reported that children up through age eight spent an average of two hours and 19 minutes in front of screens each day, including an average of 42 minutes a day for those under two. This increase of digital use comes with rising risks of obesity, sleep deprivation and cognitive（认知的）, language and social-emotional delays, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned in 2016.
I) “I respect that parents have busy lives and it’s easy to hand a child an iPhone,” Yogman said. “But there’s a cost to that. For young children, it’s much too passive. And kids really learn better when they’re actively engaged and have to really discover things.”
J) The decline of play is a special hazard for the roughly 1 in 5 children in the United States who live in poverty. These 14 million children most urgently need to develop the resilience（韧劲）that is cultivated with play. Instead, Yogman said, they are disproportionately affected by some of the trends that are making play scarce: academic pressures at schools that need to improve test scores, outside play areas that are limited or unsafe, and parents who lack the time or energy to share in playtime.
K)Yogman also worries about the pressures that squeeze playtime for more affluent kids. “The notion that as parents we need to schedule every minute of their time is not doing them a great service,” he said. Even well-meaning parents may be “robbing them of the opportunity to have that joy of discovery and curiosity—the opportunity to find things out on their own.”
L)Play may not be a hard sell to kids. But UCLA pediatrician Carlos Lerner acknowledged that the pediatricians’ new prescription may meet with skepticism（怀疑） from parents, who are anxious for advice on how to give their kids a leg up in the world. They should welcome the simplicity of the message, Lerner said. “It’s liberating to be able to offer them this advice: that you spending time with your child and letting him play is one of the most valuable things you can do,” he said. “It doesn’t have to involve spending a lot of money or time, or joining a parenting group. It’s something we can offer that’s achievable. They just don’t recognize it right now as particularly valuable.”
Increased use of digital devices steals away children’s playtime.
Since the beginning of this century, an increasing amount of time has been shifted in public schools from recess to academic activities.
It has been acknowledged that while kids may welcome pediatrician’s recommendation, their parents may doubt its feasibility.
According to some professionals, deprivation of young children’s playtime will do harm not only to children themselves but to the country and the world.
By playing with children, parents can prevent them from being harmed by stress.
Playing with digital device discourages kids from active discovery, according to pediatrician Dr. Michael Yogman.
The suggestion of letting children simply play may sound like going backwards to parents who want to help build their children’s skills.
Dr. Michael Yogman believes the idea that parents should carefully schedule children’s time may not be helpful to their growth.
One quarter of teachers in an American city said that children in kindergartens had no time for playing freely.
According to a pediatrician, no matter what kind of play children engage in, they are learning how to create things.
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Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions26to35 are based on the following passage.
When travelling overseas, do you buy water in plastic bottles or take your chances with tap water? Imagine you are wandering about on a Thai island or the ruins of Angkor. It’s hot so you grab a bottle of water from a local vendor. It’s the safe thing to do, right? The bottle is , and the label says “pure water”. But maybe what’s inside is not so . Would you still be drinking it if you knew that more than 90 percent of all bottled water sold around the world microplastics? That’s the conclusion of a recently study, which analysed 259 bottles from 11 brands sold in nine countries an average of 325 plastic particles per litre of water. These microplastics included a commonly known as PET and widely used in the manufacture of clothing and food and containers. The study was conducted at the State University of New York on behalf of Orb Media, a journalism organisation. About a million bottles are bought every minute, not only by thirsty tourists but also by many of the 2.1 billion worldwide who live with unsafe drinking water. Confronted with this , several bottled-water manufacturers including Nestle and Coca-Cola undertook their own studies using the same methodology. These studies showed that their water did contain microplastics, but far less than the Orb study suggested. Regardless, the World Health Organisation has launched a review into the health risks of drinking water from plastic bottles.
A) adequate
B) admiring
C) contains
D) defending
E) evidence
F) instant
G) liquid
H) modified
I) natural
J) potential
K) released
L) revealing
M) sealed
N) solves
O) substance
(空中请填写大写)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions26to35 are based on the following passage.
When travelling overseas, do you buy water in plastic bottles or take your chances with tap water? Imagine you are wandering about on a Thai island or the ruins of Angkor. It’s hot so you grab a bottle of water from a local vendor. It’s the safe thing to do, right? The bottle is , and the label says “pure water”. But maybe what’s inside is not so . Would you still be drinking it if you knew that more than 90 percent of all bottled water sold around the world microplastics? That’s the conclusion of a recently study, which analysed 259 bottles from 11 brands sold in nine countries an average of 325 plastic particles per litre of water. These microplastics included a commonly known as PET and widely used in the manufacture of clothing and food and containers. The study was conducted at the State University of New York on behalf of Orb Media, a journalism organisation. About a million bottles are bought every minute, not only by thirsty tourists but also by many of the 2.1 billion worldwide who live with unsafe drinking water. Confronted with this , several bottled-water manufacturers including Nestle and Coca-Cola undertook their own studies using the same methodology. These studies showed that their water did contain microplastics, but far less than the Orb study suggested. Regardless, the World Health Organisation has launched a review into the health risks of drinking water from plastic bottles.
A) adequate
B) admiring
C) contains
D) defending
E) evidence
F) instant
G) liquid
H) modified
I) natural
J) potential
K) released
L) revealing
M) sealed
N) solves
O) substance
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Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions:xa0In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item onxa0Answer Sheet 2xa0with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once． The center of American automobile innovation has in the past decade moved 2,000 miles away. It has from Detroit to Silicon Valley, where self-driving vehicles are coming into life. In a to take production back to Detroit, Michigan lawmakers have introduced that could make their state the best place in the country, if not the world, to develop self-driving vehicles and put them on the road. “Michigan’s in auto research and development is under attack from several states and countries which desire to our leadership in transportation. We can’t let happen,” says Senator Mike Kowall, the lead of four bills recently introduced. If all four bills pass as written, they would a substantial update of Michigan’s 2013 law that allowed the testing of self-driving vehicles in limited conditions. Manufacturer would have nearly total freedom to test their self-driving technology on public roads. They would be allowed to send groups of self-driving cars on cross-state road trips, and even set on-demand of self-driving cars, like the one General Motors and Lyft are building. Lawmakers in Michigan clearly want to make the state ready for the commercial application of self-driving technology. In , California, home of Silicon Valley, recently proposed far more rules that would require human drivers be ready to take the wheel, and commercial use of self-driving technology.
A) bid
B) contrast
C) deputy
D) dominance
E) fleets
F) knots
G) legislation
H) migrated
I) replace
J) represent
K) restrictive
L) reward
M) significant
N) sponsor
O) transmitted
(空中请填写大写)
Section A
Directions:xa0In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item onxa0Answer Sheet 2xa0with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once． The center of American automobile innovation has in the past decade moved 2,000 miles away. It has from Detroit to Silicon Valley, where self-driving vehicles are coming into life. In a to take production back to Detroit, Michigan lawmakers have introduced that could make their state the best place in the country, if not the world, to develop self-driving vehicles and put them on the road. “Michigan’s in auto research and development is under attack from several states and countries which desire to our leadership in transportation. We can’t let happen,” says Senator Mike Kowall, the lead of four bills recently introduced. If all four bills pass as written, they would a substantial update of Michigan’s 2013 law that allowed the testing of self-driving vehicles in limited conditions. Manufacturer would have nearly total freedom to test their self-driving technology on public roads. They would be allowed to send groups of self-driving cars on cross-state road trips, and even set on-demand of self-driving cars, like the one General Motors and Lyft are building. Lawmakers in Michigan clearly want to make the state ready for the commercial application of self-driving technology. In , California, home of Silicon Valley, recently proposed far more rules that would require human drivers be ready to take the wheel, and commercial use of self-driving technology.
A) bid
B) contrast
C) deputy
D) dominance
E) fleets
F) knots
G) legislation
H) migrated
I) replace
J) represent
K) restrictive
L) reward
M) significant
N) sponsor
O) transmitted
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